What are the types of automotive motors in the era of new energy vehicles?

The era of new energy vehicles has arrived, with soaring popularity. Today, the editor of new energy vehicle motor manufacturers will briefly introduce the types and advantages and disadvantages of new energy vehicle motors.

1. DC motor

A DC motor transfers the DC current from the car battery to the rotor winding through a spring loaded carbon or lead "brush", which provides energy for the rotating contacts connected to the wire winding. Each time it rotates a few degrees, the brush supplies power to a new set of contacts. When the car motor shaft rotates, it will cause the polarity of the electromagnet on the rotor to reverse one after another.

The outer shell surrounding the rotor electromagnetic winding has a permanent magnet. The advantages are low initial cost, high reliability, and easy motor control. Changing the voltage can adjust the motor speed and also change the current, thereby controlling its torque. The drawbacks include a lower lifespan, as well as the cost of maintaining brushes and contacts. Therefore, except for some Indian railway locomotives, this type of motor is rarely used in transportation.

2. Brushless DC motor

This type of motor transfers permanent magnets to the rotor, places the electromagnet on the stator (casing), and uses an external motor controller to alternately switch various excitation windings from positive to negative, eliminating the brushes and their maintenance, thereby generating a rotating magnetic field.

The advantages are long service life, high efficiency, and low maintenance costs. The disadvantage is that the initial cost is higher, the motor speed controller is more complex, and generally requires three Hall effect sensors to correctly determine the phase of the stator winding current. The switching of the stator winding causes torque ripple, resulting in an increase or decrease in the periodic transmission of torque. This type of motor is highly popular in the small car market such as electric bicycles and scooters, and is used in some auxiliary car applications, such as electric power steering assistance.

3. Permanent magnet synchronous motor

Physically, BLDC and PMSM motors look the same. Both have permanent magnets on the rotor and excitation windings in the stator. The difference is that PMSM does not use direct current and periodic opening and closing of various windings to rotate the permanent magnet and operate under continuous sinusoidal alternating current. It represents that there is no torque fluctuation, and only a Hall effect sensor is needed to determine the rotor speed and position, making it more efficient.

The advantage lies in its power density and strong starting torque. The disadvantage is that during low speed power supply, it will generate back electromotive force, which can cause resistance and heat to demagnetize the motor. This type of motor plays a partial role in automotive power steering and braking systems, and has become the primary choice for motor design in most battery electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles today.

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